Schistosomiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

The expected CAGR of global schistosomiasis diseases market is tend to be around 4% in the mentioned forecast period. The market was valued at USD 70 million in 2021, and it would grow upto USD 95.80 million by 2029.

Business Mar 17, 2025 46 Add to Reading List

Schistosomiasis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

Introduction

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. It is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that primarily affects people living in regions with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. Schistosomiasis can cause chronic illness, leading to severe organ damage if left untreated.

This article explores the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for schistosomiasis.

Understanding Schistosomiasis

Cause and Transmission

Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flatworms that use freshwater snails as an intermediate host. The disease is spread when humans come into contact with water contaminated with parasite larvae (cercariae). Once inside the body, the larvae mature into adult worms, which reside in blood vessels and lay eggs, causing inflammation and tissue damage.

**Types of Schistosoma Species**

There are several species of Schistosoma that infect humans, including:

Schistosoma haematobium (causes urinary schistosomiasis)
Schistosoma mansoni (causes intestinal schistosomiasis)
Schistosoma japonicum (causes intestinal schistosomiasis, mainly in Asia)
Schistosoma mekongi and Schistosoma intercalatum (less common)

Symptoms of Schistosomiasis

Symptoms vary depending on the species of Schistosoma and the stage of infection. The disease progresses in different phases:

1. Acute Schistosomiasis (Katayama Fever)

Fever
Chills
Muscle aches
Cough
Skin rash or itching at the site of parasite entry

2. Chronic Schistosomiasis

Urinary Schistosomiasis (S. haematobium)
- Blood in urine (hematuria)
- Painful urination
- Bladder and kidney damage
- Increased risk of bladder cancer
Intestinal Schistosomiasis (S. mansoni, S. japonicum)
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea (sometimes bloody)
- Enlarged liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly)
- Malnutrition and stunted growth in children

3. Advanced Schistosomiasis

Liver fibrosis and portal hypertension
Intestinal obstruction
Neurological complications (if eggs reach the brain or spinal cord)

Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis

1. Microscopic Examination

Detection of Schistosoma eggs in urine or stool samples.

2. Blood Tests

Serological tests detect antibodies against Schistosoma parasites.
PCR tests can identify parasite DNA.

3. Imaging Techniques

Ultrasound to assess liver and bladder damage.
Cystoscopy for detecting bladder lesions.

Treatment of Schistosomiasis

1. Antiparasitic Medication

Praziquantel is the primary drug used to treat all forms of schistosomiasis.
It is highly effective but does not prevent reinfection.

2. Supportive Care

Pain management and anti-inflammatory medications.
Treatment of complications such as anemia and liver disease.

3. Surgery (in Severe Cases)

Surgical intervention may be needed for severe organ damage or intestinal obstruction.

Prevention and Control Strategies

1. Improved Sanitation

Proper disposal of human waste to prevent water contamination.
Access to clean water and hygiene education.

2. Snail Control

Use of molluscicides to reduce snail populations in endemic areas.

3. Health Education and Awareness

Educating communities about the risks of contaminated water exposure.

4. Mass Drug Administration (MDA)

Preventive treatment campaigns in high-risk regions.

5. Vaccine Development (Ongoing Research)

Scientists are working on vaccines to provide long-term protection against Schistosoma infection.

Global Burden and Challenges

Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people worldwide, mainly in Africa, Asia, and South America.
Challenges include drug resistance, reinfection risks, and the need for sustainable control measures.

Source : https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-schistosomiasis-diseases-market

Conclusion

Schistosomiasis is a serious parasitic disease that poses a significant public health challenge in many developing countries. While effective treatment with praziquantel exists, prevention efforts such as improved sanitation, snail control, and health education are essential to reducing transmission. Ongoing research into vaccines and new treatment strategies offers hope for better disease control in the future.

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